Quantum logic circuit qubit layouts

ABSTRACT

One or more systems, devices and/or methods of use provided herein relate to a device that can facilitate reduction of inter-qubit cross talk and/or allow for increased interaction strengths between qubits as compared to existing technologies. A device can comprise a qubit lattice comprising a plurality of repeated and connected unit cells, and the unit cells comprising individual sets of qubits, wherein the unit cells comprise different cross talk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together by couplers in different orders, and wherein the different cross talk groups are repeated among the unit cells of the qubit lattice. A device can comprise a qubit lattice comprising a plurality of different, interconnected cross talk groups of qubits, wherein the different cross talk groups are repeated within the qubit lattice.

BACKGROUND

Quantum computing is generally the use of quantum-mechanical phenomenato perform computing and information processing functions. Quantumcomputing can be viewed in contrast to classical computing, whichgenerally operates on binary values with transistors. That is, whileclassical computers can operate on bit values that are either 0 or 1,quantum computers operate on quantum bits (qubits) that comprisesuperpositions of both 0 and 1. Quantum computing has the potential tosolve problems that, due to computational complexity, cannot be solvedor can only be solved slowly on a classical computer.

On a large scale, quantum computing cloud service providers can executemillions of quantum jobs for users during a year. Each quantum job caninclude the execution of one or more quantum programs. Where qubitstates only can exist (or can only be coherent) for a limited amount oftime, an objective of operation of a quantum logic circuit (e.g.,including one or more qubits) can be to reduce the time of the operationand/or increase the speed of the operation. Time spent to operate thequantum logic circuit can undesirably reduce the available time ofoperation on one or more qubits. This can be due to the availablecoherence time of the one or more qubits prior to decoherence of the oneor more qubits. For example, a qubit state can be lost in less than 100to 200 microseconds in one or more cases. Further, operations on qubitsgenerally introduce some error, such as some level of decoherence and/orsome level of quantum noise, further affecting qubit availability.Quantum noise can refer to noise attributable to the discrete and/orprobabilistic natures of quantum interactions. Device designs thatprolong the lifetime of the quantum state and extend the coherence timecan be desirable.

Also, on the large scale, a large quantity of quantum jobs can createpressure to execute the respective quantum programs quickly. That is,increased speed of execution can directly and/or indirectly correlate tomaximizing system usage, minimizing users having to wait for measurementresults, and/or minimizing undesirable consuming of classicalcomputational resources. Pressure also can be created to execute thesequantum jobs well, so that a most performance can be extracted fromnear-term error-prone systems and/or so that a quality of measurementsrelative to the one or more qubits of the respective quantum systemscompiling into physical-level pulses can be improved (e.g., related toaccuracy, precision and/or measurement efficiency).

Physical, real-world, quantum logic circuits controlled by a quantumsystem can include a plurality of qubits. One type of qubit, asuperconducting qubit, can include a Josephson junction, and operatesgenerally only within a cryogenic chamber, such as a dilutionrefrigerator. One or more such superconducting qubits can be multiplexedper measurement circuit contained within the cryogenic chamber.

SUMMARY

The following presents a summary to provide a basic understanding of oneor more embodiments described herein. This summary is not intended toidentify key or critical elements, delineate scope of particularembodiments or scope of claims. Its sole purpose is to present conceptsin a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description thatis presented later. In one or more embodiments described herein,systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatus and/or computer programproducts facilitate a process to array a plurality of qubits to achieveoptimal performance characteristics of the plurality of qubits, such asin view of the array comprising a plurality of nearest-neighbor qubitsrelative to one another.

In accordance with an embodiment, a device can comprise a qubit latticecomprising a plurality of repeated and connected unit cells, and theunit cells comprising individual sets of qubits, wherein the unit cellscan comprise different cross talk groups of qubits having qubit islandsconnected together by couplers in different orders, and wherein thedifferent cross talk groups can be repeated among the unit cells of thequbit lattice.

In accordance with another embodiment, a system can comprise a quantumprocessor, and a qubit circuit coupled to the quantum processor, whereinthe qubit circuit can comprise a qubit lattice comprising a plurality ofrepeated and connected unit cells, and the unit cells comprisingindividual sets of qubits, wherein the unit cells can comprise differentcross talk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together bycouplers in different orders, and wherein the different cross talkgroups can be repeated among the unit cells of the qubit lattice.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a method can comprisefabricating, by a system operatively coupled to a processor, a qubitlattice by arranging a plurality of repeated and connected unit cells,wherein the unit cells comprise individual sets of qubits. The methodalso can comprise fabricating, by the system, the unit cells comprisingdifferent cross talk groups of qubits having qubit islands connectedtogether by couplers in different orders, wherein the different crosstalk groups are repeated among the unit cells of the qubit lattice.

An advantage of the aforementioned device, system and/or method can beminimized inclusion of high cross talk groups within a multi-qubitarrangement. Further in view of the multi-qubit arrangement including aplurality of nearest-neighbor qubits, cross talk can generally beminimized between the plurality of qubits, and thus stray inadvertentcouplings between qubits or between couplers and non-intended qubits canbe limited. This arrangement thus can allow for greater interactionstrengths between qubits to be employed.

In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned device, system and/ormethod, the device can comprise the unit cells comprising first crosstalk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together in a firstorder by a plurality of couplers, and the unit cells comprising secondcross talk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together in asecond order by another plurality of couplers, wherein the first crosstalk groups are operable with greater cross talk than the second crosstalk groups. An advantage can be facilitating the minimization of highcross talk groups, where it can be desirable for outer qubits of a crosstalk configuration to have higher resonant frequency, which than can beinadvertently shifted less. This reduced inadvertent shifts can lead toa lower probability of an undesirable collision between resonantfrequencies.

In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned device, system and/ormethod, the qubit lattice can have the form of a heavy hex lattice orsquare lattice. An advantage can be tiling of qubits within the latticeto provide the minimized cross talk.

In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned device, system and/ormethod, one or more of the couplers coupling the qubits of the pluralityof qubits to one another can be flux tunable. An advantage can beability to dynamically tune one or more resonant frequencies of one ormore of the qubits.

In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned device, system and/ormethod, the qubit lattice can comprise first qubits and second qubits,wherein the first qubits can be coupled to no more than a pair of secondqubits.

In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned device, system and/ormethod, two or more different cross talk groups can include commonqubits.

In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned device, system and/ormethod, cross talk groups having higher cross talk than cross talkgroups having lower cross talk can include common qubits.

In accordance with still another embodiment, a device can comprise aqubit lattice comprising a plurality of different, interconnected crosstalk groups of qubits, wherein the different cross talk groups arerepeated within the qubit lattice.

An advantage of the device can be limiting the overall amount of crosstalk between the plurality of qubits by particular arrangement of thequbits, such as where one or more of the qubits can be less likely toshift in resonant frequency.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a device can comprise a qubitlattice comprising rows that comprise alternated first qubits and secondqubits connected in series, wherein the first qubits can have a highercommon resonant frequency range than a common resonant frequency rangeof the second qubits, and wherein the rows can comprise qubit islands ofthe first and second qubits connected in a same connection order atdifferent rows of the rows.

An advantage of the device can be limiting the overall amount of crosstalk between the plurality of qubits by particular arrangement of thesecond qubits being less likely to shift in resonant frequency.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting systemthat can facilitate measurement readout from one or more qubits, inaccordance with one or more embodiments described herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of different cross talk groups,in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example qubit layout that can be employed in thenon-limiting system of FIG. 1 , in accordance with one or moreembodiments described herein.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example unit cell and qubit layout comprising apair of the unit cells, in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example qubit layout basedon the unit cell of FIG. 4 , in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

FIG. 6 illustrates another example unit cell and qubit layout comprisinga pair of the unit cells, in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example qubit layout basedon the unit cell of FIG. 6 , in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

FIG. 8 illustrates yet another example unit cell and qubit layoutcomprising a pair of the unit cells, in accordance with one or moreembodiments described herein.

FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example qubit layout basedon the unit cell of FIG. 8 , in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method to fabricate atiling arrangement, in accordance with one or more embodiments describedherein.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flow diagram of another example method tofabricate a tiling arrangement, in accordance with one or moreembodiments described herein.

FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting,operating environment in which one or more embodiments described hereincan be facilitated.

FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting, cloudcomputing environment in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram of example, non-limiting,abstraction model layers in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is merely illustrative and is notintended to limit embodiments and/or application or utilization ofembodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by anyexpressed or implied information presented in the preceding Summarysection, or in the Detailed Description section. One or more embodimentsare now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like referencenumerals are utilized to refer to like elements throughout. In thefollowing description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specificdetails are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understandingof the one or more embodiments. However, in various cases, that the oneor more embodiments can be practiced without these specific details.

Quantum computation utilizes a qubit as its essential unit instead of aclassical computing bit. A qubit (e.g., quantum binary digit) is aquantum-mechanical analog of a classical bit. Whereas classical bits canemploy only one of two basis states (e.g., 0 or 1), qubits can employsuperpositions of those basis states (e.g., α|0>+β|1>, where α and β arecomplex scalars (such that |α|²+|β″²=1), allowing several qubits totheoretically hold exponentially more information than the same numberof classical bits. Thus, quantum computers (e.g., computers that employqubits instead of solely classical bits) can, in theory, quickly solveproblems that can be extremely difficult for classical computers. Thebits of a classical computer are simply binary digits, with a value ofeither 0 or 1. Almost any device with two distinct states can serve torepresent a classical bit: a switch, a valve, a magnet, a coin, orsimilar binary-type state measure. Qubits, partaking of the quantummystique, can occupy a superposition of 0 and 1 states. It is not thatthe qubit can have an intermediate value, such as 0.63; when the stateof the qubit is measured, the result is either 0 or 1. But in the courseof a computation, a qubit can act as if it were a mixture of states—forexample: 63 percent 0 and 37 percent 1.

Indeed, general quantum programs can employ coordination of quantum andclassical parts of a computation. One way to contemplate general quantumprograms is to identify processes and abstractions involved inspecifying a quantum algorithm, transforming the algorithm intoexecutable form, running an experiment or simulation, and analyzing theresults. A notion throughout these processes is use of intermediaterepresentations. An intermediate representation (IR) of computation isneither its source language description nor target machine instructions,but something in between. Compilers can utilize several IRs during aprocess of translating and optimizing a program. An input is a sourcecode describing a quantum algorithm and compile time parameter(s). Anoutput is a combined quantum/classical program expressed using ahigh-level IR. A distinction between quantum and classical computers isthat the quantum computer is probabilistic, thus measurements ofalgorithmic outputs provide a proper solution within an algorithmspecific confidence interval. Computation is repeated until asatisfactory probable certainty of solution can be achieved.

By processing information using laws of quantum mechanics, quantumcomputers can offer novel ways to perform computation tasks such asmolecular calculations, optical photons, optimization, and many more.Many algorithms and system components can be introduced to perform suchcomputational tasks efficiently.

In current technologies, a logic circuit comprising a plurality ofqubits can be limited by a finite on/off ratio of qubits due to straycouplings, such as between nearest neighbor qubits. As used herein“nearest neighbor” refers to a qubit, most adjacent along a connectedchain, to a coupler to which that nearest neighbor qubit is notconnected. For example, a qubit chain can include three qubits Q1, Q2and Q3 in series, coupled by two couplers between the three qubits. Acoupler is thus directly connected between Q1 and Q2, and also betweenQ2 and Q3. Q3 can be a next neighbor qubit to the coupler between Q1 andQ2, where Q3 can unintendedly couple (e.g., stray coupling) with thatcoupler between Q1 and Q2. Other such unintended couplings also canoccur. Further, where qubit chains or layouts include a plurality ofqubits, such stray couplings can increase, thus decreasing ability tocontrol the qubits, states of qubits, resonant frequencies of qubitsand/or coherency of qubits. That is, performance of quantum gates can beaffected. To account for such concerns, existing technologies can limitthe number of qubits in a chain, layout or other grouping and/orinteraction strengths can be limited to lessen chance for such straycouplings.

One or more devices, systems and/or methods described herein can accountfor one or more of these deficiencies, and thereby allowing forincreasing the number of qubits in a chain, layout or other grouping,relative to existing technologies. Further, interaction strength limitcan be increased relative to existing technologies.

To accomplish one or more of these features, a plurality of qubits canbe aligned in a tiling arrangement where sets of qubits having differentlevels of cross talk are comprised by the tiling arrangement. In thetiling arrangement, and in the sets of qubits, qubits having differentresonant frequencies can be included. Arrangement of the qubits of thediffering frequencies can isolate and/or insulate qubits with lowercomparable resonant frequencies (e.g., as compared to qubits havinghigher comparable resonant frequencies of the plurality of qubits) beingmore likely to shift in resonant frequency. As such, qubits havinghigher comparable resonant frequencies can bound the qubits having lowercomparable resonant frequencies, such as in series connections of thequbits. In architecture where the resonant frequency of the bus is lowerthan the qubits, the qubits having higher comparable resonantfrequencies can be less likely to shift in resonant frequency and/oralso can experience stray couplings similar to the qubits having lowercomparable resonant frequencies.

Generally, particular connections of qubit islands to one another,qubits to one another, and order of qubit connections can reduce straycouplings and/or minimize amount of cross talk between the higher numberof qubits in such tiling arrangement. Couplers, or other buses, betweenqubits can be flux tunable.

The plurality of qubits and couplers can be arranged in the tilingarrangement such as on a qubit chip connectable to a quantum processorand/or other quantum electronics of a quantum system. The tilingarrangement can be formed by coupling a plurality of copies of a unitcell of qubits and couplers. Each unit cell can have a common connectionscheme.

That is, one or more embodiments described herein relate to alignment ofqubits in a multi-qubit arrangement, such as a tiling arrangement. Forexample, a two-dimensional tiling arrangement can be arranged at aquantum chip of a quantum system. Via the arrangement, resiliency can bebuilt into inter-qubit interactions, thus leading to resiliency inmeasurement/readout of qubits on which gates are performed.

One or more embodiments are now described with reference to thedrawings, where like referenced numerals are used to refer to likeelements throughout. As used herein, the terms “entity”, “requestingentity” and “user entity” can refer to a machine, device, component,hardware, software, smart device and/or human. In the followingdescription, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the oneor more embodiments. However, in various cases, that the one or moreembodiments can be practiced without these specific details.

Generally, the subject computer processing system(s), methods,apparatuses, devices and/or computer program products can be employed tosolve new problems that can arise through advancements in technology,computer networks, the Internet and the like.

Further, the embodiments depicted in one or more figures describedherein are for illustration only, and as such, the architecture ofembodiments is not limited to the systems, devices and/or componentsdepicted therein, nor to any particular order, connection and/orcoupling of systems, devices and/or components depicted therein. Forexample, in one or more embodiments, the non-limiting systems describedherein, such as non-limiting system 100 as illustrated at FIG. 1 ,and/or systems thereof, can further comprise, be associated with and/orbe coupled to one or more computer and/or computing-based elementsdescribed herein with reference to an operating environment, such as theoperating environment 800 illustrated at FIG. 8 . In one or moredescribed embodiments, computer and/or computing-based elements can beused in connection with implementing one or more of the systems,devices, components and/or computer-implemented operations shown and/ordescribed in connection with FIG. 1 and/or with other figures describedherein.

Turning first generally to FIG. 1 , one or more embodiments describedherein can include one or more devices, systems and/or apparatuses thatcan facilitate executing one or more quantum operations to facilitateoutput of one or more quantum results. For example, FIG. 1 illustrates ablock diagram of an example, non-limiting system 100 that can enhanceexecution of a quantum job, such as by minimizing cross talk and thusstray qubit couplings between qubits of a plurality of arrayed qubits ofa quantum system, such as relative to a requested quantum job comprisingrequested execution of one or more quantum gates.

The quantum system 101 (e.g., quantum computer system, superconductingquantum computer system and/or the like) can employ quantum algorithmsand/or quantum circuitry, including computing components and/or devices,to perform quantum operations and/or functions on input data to produceresults that can be output to an entity. The quantum circuitry cancomprise quantum bits (qubits), such as multi-bit qubits, physicalcircuit level components, high level components and/or functions. Thequantum circuitry can comprise physical pulses that can be structured(e.g., arranged and/or designed) to perform desired quantum functionsand/or computations on data (e.g., input data and/or intermediate dataderived from input data) to produce one or more quantum results as anoutput. The quantum results, e.g., quantum measurement 120, can beresponsive to the quantum job request 104 and associated input data andcan be based at least in part on the input data, quantum functionsand/or quantum computations.

In one or more embodiments, the quantum system 101 can comprise one ormore quantum components, such as a quantum operation component 103, aquantum processor 106, quantum readout/control electronics such asincluding an interferometer device 112, a waveform generator 110, and/ora quantum logic circuit 108 comprising a plurality of qubits 107 (e.g.,qubits 107A, 107B and/or 107C), also referred to herein as qubit devices107A, 107B and 107C.

The quantum processor 106 can be any suitable processor. The quantumprocessor 106 can generate one or more instructions for controlling theone or more processes of the quantum operation component 103 and/or forcontrolling the quantum logic circuit 108 and/or waveform generator 110.

The quantum operation component 103 can obtain (e.g., download, receive,search for and/or the like) a quantum job request 104 requestingexecution of one or more quantum programs. The quantum operationcomponent 103 can determine one or more quantum logic circuits, such asthe quantum logic circuit 108, for executing the quantum program. Therequest 104 can be provided in any suitable format, such as a textformat, binary format and/or another suitable format. In one or moreembodiments, the request 104 can be received by a component other than acomponent of the quantum system 101, such as a by a component of aclassical system coupled to and/or in communication with the quantumsystem 101.

The waveform generator 110 can perform one or more quantum processes,calculations and/or measurements for operating one or more quantumcircuits on the one or more qubits 107A, 107B and/or 107C. For example,the waveform generator 110 can operate one or more qubit effectors, suchas qubit oscillators, harmonic oscillators, pulse generators and/or thelike to cause one or more pulses to stimulate and/or manipulate thestate(s) of the one or more qubits 107A, 107B and/or 107C comprised bythe quantum system 101. That is, the waveform generator 110, such as incombination with the quantum processor 106, can execute operation of aquantum logic circuit on the plurality of qubits 107 of the quantumlogic circuit 108 (e.g., qubit 107A, 107B and/or 107C). In response, thequantum operation component 103 can output one or more quantum jobresults, such as one or more quantum measurements 120, in response tothe quantum job request 104.

The quantum logic circuit 108 and a portion or all of the waveformgenerator 110 can be contained in a cryogenic environment, such asgenerated by a cryogenic chamber 116, such as a dilution refrigerator.Indeed, a signal can be generated by the waveform generator 110 withinthe cryogenic chamber 116 to affect one or more of the plurality ofqubits 107. Where the plurality of qubits 107 are superconductingqubits, cryogenic temperatures, such as about 4K or lower can beemployed to facilitate function of these physical qubits. Accordingly,the elements of the quantum measurement circuit 110 also are to beconstructed to perform at such cryogenic temperatures.

Limiting and/or prevention of stray couplings between qubits and/orbetween a qubit and a coupler/bus, and/or minimization of cross talkbetween qubits, can be effected by a particular arrangement, such as atiling arrangement (e.g., qubit layout) of the plurality of qubits 107,of the quantum logic circuit 108.

The following/aforementioned description(s) refer(s) to the operation ofa single quantum program from a single quantum job request on a quantumlogic circuit having a single arrangement. This operation can includeone or more readouts from cryogenic environment electronics withincryogenic chamber 116 by room temperature control/readout electronicsexternal to the cryogenic chamber 116. However, employment of thearrangement can be scalable such as where two or more such arrangementscan be comprised by the quantum log circuit 108 in one or moreembodiments. Such different arrangements can be effected by a same ordifferent waveform generators. Further, one or more of the processesdescribed herein can be scalable, also such as including additionally,and/or alternatively, execution of one or more quantum programs and/orquantum job requests in parallel with one another.

In one or more embodiments, the non-limiting system 100 can be a hybridsystem and thus can include both one or more classical systems, such asa quantum program implementation system, and one or more quantumsystems, such as the quantum system 101. In one or more otherembodiments, the quantum system 101 can be separate from, but functionin combination with, a classical system.

In such case, one or more communications between one or more componentsof the non-limiting system 100 and a classical system can be facilitatedby wired and/or wireless means including, but not limited to, employinga cellular network, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet),and/or a local area network (LAN). Suitable wired or wirelesstechnologies for facilitating the communications can include, withoutbeing limited to, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), global system for mobilecommunications (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS),worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhancedgeneral packet radio service (enhanced GPRS), third generationpartnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), third generationpartnership project 2 (3GPP2) ultra mobile broadband (UMB), high speedpacket access (HSPA), Zigbee and other 802.XX wireless technologiesand/or legacy telecommunication technologies, BLUETOOTH®, SessionInitiation Protocol (SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHARTprotocol, 6LoWPAN (Ipv6 over Low power Wireless Area Networks), Z-Wave,an ANT, an ultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocol and/or otherproprietary and/or non-proprietary communication protocols.

Turning now to FIG. 2 , illustrated is a plurality of schematic diagramsof example cross talk groups 200, 202, 204 and 206. As indicated above,the one or more qubit layouts described herein can comprise cross talkgroups having different levels of cross talk. In one embodiment, thedifferent levels of cross talk can include a high level of cross talkand a low level of cross talk, and thus the cross talk groups caninclude high cross talk groups and low cross talk groups. The terms highand low are employed relative to one another, where the low cross talkgroups have lower cross talk than the high cross talk groups. Minimizingcross talk, and thus minimizing high cross talk groups, is a featureachieved by the one or more layouts of qubits discussed herein.

As shown at FIG. 2 , schematic diagrams 200 and 204 each illustrate thesame high cross talk group. Likewise, schematic diagrams 202 and 206each illustrate the same low cross talk group. At schematic diagram 200,a set of qubits, such as three qubits Q0, Q1 and Q2 are coupled togetherby couplers 210 disposed between the qubits. The couplers 210 areillustrated as tunable couplers in view of each comprising asuperconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) 211. In otherembodiments, different couplers can be employed in different cross talkgroups, or in the same cross talk group. At schematic diagram 202, thesame set of qubits is coupled together in a low cross talk arrangement.

Both schematic diagrams 200 and 202 illustrate bus-below-qubitarchitecture. As illustrated, the bus is presently tunable below thequbits in an off position, and thus the bus-below-qubit architecture.However, in a tiling arrangement either bus-below-qubit orbus-above-qubit architecture can be employed. The architecture can beswitched between the two types by reversing the role of higher and lowerfrequencies of qubits (e.g., permutating).

With reference to the discussion above, a coupling of qubit Q2 with thelabeled coupler 210 can be a stray or unintended coupling, where Q2 is anext neighbor qubit relative to the labeled coupler 210. For example,when performing a gate between Q0 and Q1, Q0 and Q1 can be partiallyhybridized with the coupler 210. The frequencies of Q0 and Q1 cantherefore shift. In the illustrated example of bus-below-qubitarchitecture of high cross talk group 20, both Q0 and Q1 will shiftupwards in frequency. If either qubit Q0 or Q1 becomes near degeneratewith Q2, spectator error can occur. To limit this occurrence, Q0 and Q2can be higher frequency qubits relative to a lower frequency qubit Q1,in the one or more arrangements described herein. That is, a qubit witha higher frequency can be further detuned from one or more couplers ofthe respective cross talk group, and therefore can move less infrequency during operation of a gate. That is, use of Q0 and Q2 as highfrequency qubits can minimize collisions, and thus minimize cross talk.In such case, Q0 and Q2 being high frequency qubits can bound the lowfrequency qubit Q1 where Q0, Q1 and Q2 are coupled in series.

Put another way, when performing operations on qubits, the resonantfrequencies of the qubits can be shifted, such as differently shifted,such as to higher frequencies. If the qubits are farther apart, thelower (frequency) qubit in the architecture gets shifted more. Becauseof this, in a high cross talk configuration, it can be desirable for theouter qubits to be the higher (frequency) qubits, and thus get shiftedless, thus providing for less probability of a collision of frequenciesoccurring.

Accordingly, at the beginning of the gate sequence, the tunable bus orcoupler frequency can be set so that an interaction between qubits isnegligible. The coupler frequency can be tuned with a flux pulse to turnon the interaction between Q0 and Q1. After the flux pulse finishes, thefrequency of the coupler can be returned to the off position and theinteraction between Q0 and Q1 can return to negligible. Thus, pulsingthe flux tunable couplers (e.g., buses or flux tunable qubit buses) canturn an interaction between qubits from off position to on position.

At schematic diagrams 204 and 206, the cross talk group differences aredisplayed differently. As illustrated, each real-world physical qubitcan comprise a pair of islands 212 (also referred to as paddles) coupledtogether by a Josephson junction 213. How the different islands 212 arecoupled, such as directly connected to one another, can determinewhether a group of qubits is a low cross talk group or a high cross talkgroup. That is, which islands are employed for the intercoupling of thequbits by the couplers 210 can provide such determination.

For example, the high cross talk group 204 includes the inner or lowfrequency qubit Q1 having both couplers connected to the same island212. The low cross talk group 206 includes the couplers connected todifferent islands 212 of the inner or low frequency qubit Q1.

As will be illustrated at, and described relative to, FIGS. 3 to 9 ,qubits of such arrangements or layouts are not limited to being part ofonly one cross talk group. Rather, bounding qubits of cross talk groups(e.g., those qubits at ends of qubit strings) can be part of two or moredifferent cross talk groups. That is, evaluation of a qubit layout canbe employed to determine cross talk groups.

Turning next to FIG. 3 , as schematically illustrated, a general qubitlayout 300 can be defined by a plurality of same unit cells 302. Groupsof unit cells 302 can define one or more sections 304 of the generalqubit layout 300. A quantum logic circuit, such as the quantum logiccircuit 108 of FIG. 1 , can comprise a qubit layout 300, which, forexample, can be fabricated on a quantum chip that can be operativelycoupled to a processor, such as a quantum processor.

As illustrated, the qubit layout 300 can comprise one or more unit cells302. The qubit layout 300 can be employed at the quantum logic circuit108 of FIG. 1 , for example. The unit cell 302 can be repeated, with therepeated unit cells 302 being interconnected to define and thus form thequbit layout 300. The unit cell 302 can comprise a plurality ofreal-world physical qubits 307 connected to one another, at leastpartially in series, by couplers.

The qubit layouts at FIGS. 5, 7 and 9 can be formed (e.g., fabricated)by connecting together a same respective unit cell. That is, FIGS. 4, 6and 8 illustrate different unit cells that can be repeatedlyinterconnected to form the respective qubit layout sections of FIGS. 5,7 and 9 . The qubit layout sections of FIGS. 5, 7 and 9 can be expandedby adding additional respective unit cells to fabricate a larger qubitlayout. That is, the unit cell of FIG. 4 can be repeated to define thequbit layout of FIG. 5 . The unit cell of FIG. 6 can be repeated todefine the qubit layout of FIG. 7 . The unit cell of FIG. 8 can berepeated to define the qubit layout of FIG. 9 .

Referring now to FIGS. 4 to 9 , three different embodiments aredescribed, with each being based on a base unit cell. Using repeatedcopies or replicas of the base unit cell, a qubit layout can befabricated, such as having a form of a qubit lattice.

Referring first generally to the different qubit layouts of FIGS. 5, 7and 9 , a unit cell can be repeated a plurality of times in a pluralityof adjacent rows to define, and thus to form, a qubit layout. Generally,the unit cell can comprise different cross talk groups of qubits havingqubit islands connected together by couplers in different orders. Thedifferent cross talk groups can be repeated among the repeated unitcells of the qubit layout.

Put another way, a qubit layout can comprise a plurality of different,interconnected cross talk groups of qubits, wherein the different crosstalk groups are repeated within the qubit layout. The different crosstalk groups can comprise at least two different repeated cross talkgroups, such as first cross talk groups and second cross talk groups.The first cross talk groups and the second cross talk groups can havedifferent cross talk ranges. For example, the first cross talk groupscan have a higher cross talk range than a cross talk range of the secondcross talk groups. In one or more embodiments, a qubit layout cancomprise a greater quantity of first cross talk groups having a highercross talk range than a quantity of second cross talk groups.

Qubits of the qubit layout can each comprise a pair of qubit islands, asillustrated at FIG. 2 . The first cross talk groups can each comprise asame first connection order of qubit islands. Likewise, the second crosstalk groups can each comprise a same second connection order of qubitislands.

Put still another way, a qubit layout can comprise rows that comprisealternated first qubits and second qubits connected in series. The firstqubits can have a higher common resonant frequency range than a commonresonant frequency range of the second qubits. The rows can comprisequbit islands of the first qubits and second qubits connected in a sameconnection order at different rows of the qubit layout.

Each of these different descriptions of a qubit layout can define a samequbit layout of any one of FIG. 5, 7 or 9 . These different descriptionswill be illustrated in detail at FIGS. 5, 7 and 9 .

Still referring generally to FIGS. 4 to 9 , the qubit layouts 500, 700and 900 can comprise both high cross talk groups and low cross talkgroups. The cross talk groups can generally be coupled in series and/orthe qubits of the different cross talk groups can be coupled in series.As used herein, cross talk groups coupled in series to one another canbe non-separable, in one or more embodiments, such as where one qubitcan be common to both cross talk groups, such as high cross talk groups.That is, five qubits coupled in series, for example, can comprise twohigh cross talk groups, and thus two high cross talk groups coupled inseries. In one or more embodiments, cross talk groups can comprisedifferent qubits and thus can be separable.

With respect to any of FIGS. 4 to 9 , the aforementioned high cross talkgroups and low cross talk groups of FIG. 2 , particularly of theschematic diagrams 204 and 206, can be arranged together, with commonqubits of the groups, to form efficient qubit arrangements employed atthe unit cells and qubit layouts of FIGS. 4 to 9 . As indicated above,these qubit arrangements can provide minimized cross talk, by minimizingthe forming of high cross talk groups. In one or more embodiments, highcross talk group quantity can be equal to or less than low cross talkgroup quantity of an arrangement. Repetitive description of likeelements employed in one or more embodiments described herein is omittedfor sake of brevity.

With respect to any of FIGS. 4 to 9 , a plurality of qubits can beconnected together, such as in series-connected groups, by couplers,such as flux tunable couplers, although other coupler types can beemployed in addition or in alternative. Qubits of high and low resonantfrequencies can be employed. Difference between high frequency and lowfrequency qubits can be achieved by a size of the Josephson junctionsemployed to connect the islands of the qubits. For example, a largerJosephson junction can allow for greater tuning/detuning, and thusprovide a higher (high) frequency qubit.

Both types of qubits (of high and low frequencies relative to oneanother) can be employed in a same cross talk groups. In one or moreembodiments, high cross talk groups can share high frequency qubits,such as where two high cross talk groups can comprise the same highfrequency qubit. Indeed, two high cross talk groups can couple todifferent islands of the same high frequency qubit. That is, asindicated above, due to the sharing, cross talk groups coupled in seriesto one another can be non-separable, in one or more embodiments, such aswhere one qubit can be common to both cross talk groups, such as highcross talk groups.

Generally, the qubit layouts of FIGS. 5, 7 and 9 can be in the shape ofa qubit matrix or qubit lattice. That is, rows of high frequency and lowfrequency qubits can be connected in series in an alternated manner(e.g., high frequency qubit, low frequency qubit, high frequency qubit,low frequency qubit, and so forth). The rows of qubits can be coupled toone another by connector qubits, such as high frequency qubits. Theseconnector qubits can be spaced apart from one another in a directionalong the rows. That is, the spaced apart high frequency qubits betweenthe rows can be non-directly coupled to one another. Put another way,rows of cross talk groups can be coupled to one another, such asdirectly connected via couplers.

With respect to any of FIGS. 4 to 9 , and referencing FIG. 3 , in one ormore embodiments, one or more operations for fabricating the one or morequbit layouts described herein, such as the qubit layouts 300, 500, 700and/or 900, can be performed by a manufacturing system, such as amanufacturing system 350 comprising one or more manufacturing devices352, where the manufacturing system 350 can be operatively coupled to aprocessor 354 for at least partially controlling the one or moreoperations. The processor 354 can be any suitable processor. Discussionproved below with respect to processor 1206 can be at least partiallyequally applicable to the processor 354.

In one or more embodiments, the manufacturing system 350 can beconfigured, such as by one or more operations performed by one or moreof the manufacturing devices 352 in view of one or more instructionsprovided by the processor 354, to construct a qubit layout, such as on achip substrate. The manufacturing devices 352 can, among otheroperations, perform welding, lasering, pick and place, and/or the like.

Turning now first to FIG. 4 , a unit cell 400 is illustrated that can beconstructed in duplicate and coupled, such as connected via one or morecouplers, to the respective duplicates to form the qubit layout 500 ofFIG. 5 . Repetitive description of like elements employed in one or moreembodiments described herein is omitted for sake of brevity.

As shown, the unit cell 400 includes five qubits including both highfrequency qubits 408 (dark-colored) and low frequency qubits 410(light-colored) that are connected to one another by couplers 412. Highfrequency qubits 408 can have resonant frequencies higher than resonantfrequencies of the low frequency qubits 410. As shown, a qubit unit cell400 can comprise a greater quantity of high frequency qubits 408 thanlow frequency qubits 410. Also as shown, the unit cell 400 defines atleast one row having alternated high and low frequency qubits (e.g.,high frequency qubit, low frequency qubit, high frequency qubit, lowfrequency qubit, and so forth) connected in series.

Connections between qubits and/or between unit cells can be made bycouplers 412. The couplers 412 can be flux tunable or non-flux tunable.Couplers 412 that are flux tunable can be mixed with couplers 412 thatare non-flux tunable in a same unit cell or in a same qubit layout.

Also as shown, the unit cell 400 includes at least one high cross talkgroup 402 and at least part of a low cross talk group 404. Asillustrated, the particular unit cell 400 includes a pair of high crosstalk groups 402 and does not include a full low cross talk group 404.Only part of the low cross talk group 404 is present in the unit cell400, as illustrated by the partially empty dotted line box 404 at unitcell 400. While the cross talk groups are illustrated as comprisingparticular qubit islands of qubits (i.e., within the dotted lines), thedotted lines can be redrawn to encompass the full qubits having thequbit islands encompassed by the depicted dotted lines.

The high and low cross talk groups have different qubit islandconnection orders. For example, a high cross talk group 402 can compriseone island of a high frequency qubit 408 connected to one island of alow frequency qubit 410, with the same island of the low frequency qubit410 being connected to one island of another high frequency qubit 408. Alow cross talk group 404 can comprise one island of a high frequencyqubit 408 connected to one island of another high frequency qubit 408,with the other island of the same low frequency qubit 410 connected toan island of another high frequency qubit 408. That is, a high crosstalk group 402 or a low cross talk group 404 can include a pair of highfrequency qubits 408 and a single low frequency qubit 410, with the lowfrequency qubit 410 connected between the high frequency qubits 408 bycouplers 412.

Particular orientation of qubits 408, 410 within a unit cell 400 can beto allow for shortest lengths of couplers 412 between qubit islandswithin the unit cell 400 and to connect by couplers 412 to qubit islandsof other unit cells 400 of a larger qubit layout (e.g., qubit layout500).

As illustrated at small section 450, a pair of unit cells 400-A and400-B can be connected, such as by a coupler 412-A. A full low crosstalk group 404 can be formed by the unit cells 400-A and 400-B together.

Turning next to FIG. 5 , as illustrated, the unit cell 400 can beduplicated even more times, such as a plurality of times, and the unitcells 400 can be coupled to one another to form a larger section 500,which can also be referred to as a qubit layout 500, which can be asection (e.g., akin to the section 304) of a larger qubit layout of achip, for example.

Further, a different unit cell arrangement 400-B, having the same numberand type of qubits as unit cell 400, could alternatively be tiled (e.g.,repeated unit cells being connected to one another) to form a same qubitlattice having same features.

The qubit layout 500 comprises high frequency qubits 408, low frequencyqubits 410, high cross talk groups 402 and low cross talk groups 404, inview of comprising unit cells 400. The qubit layout 500 can comprisemore high frequency qubits 408 than low frequency qubits 410.

The cross talk groups 402 and 404 are generally coupled, at leastpartially, in series. As shown, one or more qubits (e.g., qubit 506) canbe common to two or more cross talk groups, such as to two high crosstalk groups 402. In one or more cases, the qubit layout 500 can comprisea quantity of high cross talk groups 402 that is equal to or lesser thana quantity of low cross talk groups 404.

High cross talk groups 402 can each have a same first connection orderof qubit islands. Low cross talk groups 404 likewise also can have asame second connection order of qubit islands.

All qubits of the qubit layout 500 have an island that is part of atleast one high cross talk group 402. One or more islands of lowerfrequency qubits 410 can have more than one coupler 412 connectedthereto. Each low frequency qubit 410 can be coupled to three differenthigh frequency qubits 408. Each high frequency qubit 408 can be coupledto no more than two other qubits, which can be only low frequency qubits410. Each island of each high frequency qubit 408 can have only onecoupler 412 connected thereto at most.

The qubit layout 500 can be in the form of a heavy hex lattice. Thislattice can comprise rows of alternated high frequency and low frequencyqubits coupled in series by couplers 412. The rows can be coupled to oneanother by connector qubits 514, being high frequency qubits 408. Eachof the connector qubits 514 can be spaced apart from, and thus notdirectly connected to, other of the connector qubits 514. Each of theconnector qubits 514 can be part of one high cross talk group 402. Asshown, each connector qubit 514 can be part of three or fewer differentlow cross talk groups 404.

Note that the orientational arrangement (e.g., physical rotation on asubstrate relative to one another) of qubits 408, 410 relative to oneanother is illustrated in a particular construction to reduce couplingdistance of the couplers between islands, and to beneficially arrangequbit islands more adjacent to one another for coupling. However,different rotations of different qubits can be used relative to oneanother, such as with longer couplings therebetween.

Likewise note that each of the unit cells 400 comprised by the qubitlayout 500 can have a same orientation relative to one another. In thisway, the unit cells 400 can be connected together in series in aplurality of adjacent rows. Thus, different rows of the qubit layout 500can comprise a same repeated order of the different, interconnectedcross talk groups 402, 404. Thus, different rows can comprise qubitislands of the alternated high and low frequency qubits 408, 410connected in a same connection order at different rows. One row can bephysically shifted along a row relative to another.

Individual unit cells 400 of adjacent rows are coupled to one another bysingle couplers 412. A unit cell 400 can thus be coupled to two otherunit cells of two adjacent rows (e.g., bounding the row having the unitcell 400) by two different single couplers 412.

An advantage of a device employing the qubit layout 500 can be minimizedinclusion of high cross talk groups within a multi-qubit arrangement.Further in view of the multi-qubit arrangement including a plurality ofnearest-neighbor qubits, cross talk can generally be minimized betweenthe plurality of qubits, and thus stray inadvertent couplings betweenqubits or between couplers and non-intended qubits can be limited. Thisarrangement thus can allow for greater interaction strengths betweenqubits to be employed.

By employing the qubit layout 500 as defined herein, minimization ofhigh cross talk groups can be facilitated, where it can be desirable forouter qubits of a cross talk configuration to have higher resonantfrequency, which than can be inadvertently shifted less. These reducedinadvertent shifts can lead to a lower probability of an undesirablecollision between resonant frequencies. Further, by employing one ormore of the flux tunable couplers coupling the qubits of the pluralityof qubits to one another, an advantage can be ability to dynamicallytune one or more resonant frequencies of one or more of the qubits.

Turning now to FIG. 6 , a unit cell 600 is illustrated that can beconstructed in duplicate and coupled, such as connected via one or morecouplers, to the respective duplicates to form the qubit layout 700 ofFIG. 7 . Repetitive description of like elements employed in one or moreembodiments described herein is omitted for sake of brevity.

As shown, the unit cell 600 includes five qubits including both highfrequency qubits 608 (dark-colored) and low frequency qubits 610(light-colored) that are connected to one another by couplers 612. Highfrequency qubits 608 can have resonant frequencies higher than resonantfrequencies of the low frequency qubits 610. As shown, a qubit unit cell600 can comprise a greater quantity of high frequency qubits 608 thanlow frequency qubits 610. Also as shown, the unit cell 600 defines atleast one row having alternated high and low frequency qubits (e.g.,high frequency qubit, low frequency qubit, high frequency qubit, lowfrequency qubit, and so forth) connected in series.

Connections between qubits and/or between unit cells can be made bycouplers 612. The couplers 612 can be flux tunable or non-flux tunable.Couplers 612 that are flux tunable can be mixed with couplers 612 thatare non-flux tunable in a same unit cell or in a same qubit layout.

Also as shown, the unit cell 600 includes at least one low cross talkgroup 604 and at least part of a high cross talk group 602. Asillustrated, the particular unit cell 600 includes a pair of partialhigh cross talk groups 602 and a full low cross talk group 604. Onlypart of the high cross talk groups 602 is present in the unit cell 600,as illustrated by the partially empty dotted line boxes 602 at unit cell600. While the cross talk groups are illustrated as comprisingparticular qubit islands of qubits (i.e., within the dotted lines), thedotted lines can be redrawn to encompass the full qubits having thequbit islands encompassed by the depicted dotted lines.

The high and low cross talk groups have different qubit islandconnection orders. For example, a high cross talk group 602 can compriseone island of a high frequency qubit 608 connected to one island of alow frequency qubit 610, with the same island of the low frequency qubit610 being connected to one island of another high frequency qubit 608. Alow cross talk group 604 can comprise one island of a high frequencyqubit 608 connected to one island of another high frequency qubit 608,with the other island of the same low frequency qubit 610 connected toan island of another high frequency qubit 608. That is, a high crosstalk group 602 or a low cross talk group 604 can include a pair of highfrequency qubits 608 and a single low frequency qubit 610, with the lowfrequency qubit 610 connected between the high frequency qubits 608 bycouplers 612.

Particular orientation of qubits 608, 610 within a unit cell 600 can beto allow for shortest lengths of couplers 612 between qubit islandswithin the unit cell 600 and to connect by couplers 612 to qubit islandsof other unit cells 600 of a larger qubit layout (e.g., qubit layout700).

As illustrated at small section 650, a pair of unit cells 600-A and600-B can be connected, such as by a coupler 612-A. A full high crosstalk group 602 can be formed by the unit cells 600-A and 600-B together.

Turning now to FIG. 7 , as illustrated, the unit cell 700 can beduplicated even more times, such as a plurality of times, and the unitcells 700 can be coupled to one another to form a larger section 700,which can also be referred to as a qubit layout 700, which can be asection (e.g., akin to the section 704) of a larger qubit layout of achip, for example.

The qubit layout 700 comprises high frequency qubits 608, low frequencyqubits 610, high cross talk groups 602 and low cross talk groups 604, inview of comprising unit cells 600. The qubit layout 700 can comprisemore high frequency qubits 608 than low frequency qubits 610.

The cross talk groups 602 and 604 are generally coupled, at leastpartially, in series. As shown, one or more qubits (e.g., qubit 706) canbe common to two or more cross talk groups, such as to two high crosstalk groups 602. In one or more cases, the qubit layout 700 can comprisea quantity of high cross talk groups 602 that is equal to or lesser thana quantity of low cross talk groups 604.

High cross talk groups 602 can each have a same first connection orderof qubit islands. Low cross talk groups 604 likewise also can have asame second connection order of qubit islands.

Each low frequency qubit 610 can be coupled to three or fewer differenthigh frequency qubits 608. One or more islands of lower frequency qubits610 can have more than one coupler 612 connected thereto. Each highfrequency qubit 608 can be coupled to no more than two other qubits,which are only low frequency qubits 610. Each island of each highfrequency qubit 608 has only one coupler 612 connected thereto.

The qubit layout 700 can be in the form of a heavy hex lattice. Thislattice can comprise rows of alternated high frequency and low frequencyqubits coupled in series by couplers 612. The rows can be coupled to oneanother by connector qubits 714, being high frequency qubits 608. Eachof the connector qubits 714 can be spaced apart from, and thus notdirectly connected to, other of the connector qubits 714. Each of theconnector qubits 714 can be part of two different high cross talk groups702, different than the qubit layout 500. As shown, each connector qubit714 also can be part of two different low cross talk groups 604. Thatis, different cross talk groups can overlap by comprising one or moresame qubits (and thus one or more same qubit islands) as one another. Inone or more embodiments, pairs of cross talk groups that overlap canhave the same connection order of qubit islands.

Note that the orientational arrangement (e.g., physical rotation on asubstrate relative to one another) of qubits relative to one another isillustrated in a particular construction to reduce coupling distance ofthe couplers between islands, and to beneficially arrange islands moreadjacent to one another for coupling. However, different rotations ofdifferent qubits can be used relative to one another, such as withlonger couplings therebetween.

Likewise note that each of the unit cells 600 comprised by the qubitlayout 700 can have a same orientation relative to one another. In thisway, the unit cells 600 can be connected together in series in aplurality of adjacent rows. Thus, different rows of the qubit layout 700can comprise a same repeated order of the different, interconnectedcross talk groups 602, 604. Thus, different rows can comprise qubitislands of the alternated high and low frequency qubits 608, 610connected in a same connection order at different rows. One row can bephysically shifted along a row relative to another.

Individual unit cells 600 of adjacent rows are coupled to one another bysingle couplers 612. A unit cell 600 can thus be coupled to two otherunit cells of two adjacent rows (e.g., bounding the row having the unitcell 600) by two different single couplers 612.

An advantage of a device employing the qubit layout 700 can be minimizedinclusion of high cross talk groups within a multi-qubit arrangement.Further in view of the multi-qubit arrangement including a plurality ofnearest-neighbor qubits, cross talk can generally be minimized betweenthe plurality of qubits, and thus stray inadvertent couplings betweenqubits or between couplers and non-intended qubits can be limited. Thisarrangement thus can allow for greater interaction strengths betweenqubits to be employed.

By employing the qubit layout 700 as defined herein, minimization ofhigh cross talk groups can be facilitated, where it can be desirable forouter qubits of a cross talk configuration to have higher resonantfrequency, which than can be inadvertently shifted less. These reducedinadvertent shifts can lead to a lower probability of an undesirablecollision between resonant frequencies. Further, by employing one ormore of the flux tunable couplers coupling the qubits of the pluralityof qubits to one another, an advantage can be ability to dynamicallytune one or more resonant frequencies of one or more of the qubits.

Turning now to FIG. 8 , a unit cell 800 is illustrated that can beconstructed in duplicate and coupled, such as connected via one or morecouplers, to the respective duplicates to form the qubit layout 900 ofFIG. 9 . Repetitive description of like elements employed in one or moreembodiments described herein is omitted for sake of brevity.

As shown, the unit cell 800 includes four qubits including highfrequency qubits 808 (dark-colored) and low frequency qubits 810, 809(light-colored) that are connected to one another by couplers 812. Highfrequency qubits 808 can have resonant frequencies higher than resonantfrequencies of the low frequency qubits 810, 809.

In view of the tight/dense arrangement of qubits, the square lattice ofthe qubit unit cell 800 can function via a trade-off between closerconnectivity and distortion/noise/overlapping of frequencies. To atleast partially less the overlap, the low frequency band at the squarelattice unit cell 800 can be split into two separate frequency bands.Thus, the low frequency qubits of unit cell 800 can comprise bothlow-low frequency qubits 810 and low-medium frequency qubits 809. Asshown, a qubit unit cell 800 can comprise a greater quantity of highfrequency qubits 808 than low frequency qubits 810, 809. Also as shown,the unit cell 800 can comprise at least one qubit row, and particularlytwo adjacent qubit rows, having alternated high and low frequency qubits(e.g., high frequency qubit, low frequency qubit, high frequency qubit,low frequency qubit, and so forth) connected in series.

Connections between qubits and/or between unit cells can be made bycouplers 812. The couplers 812 can be flux tunable or non-flux tunable.Couplers 812 that are flux tunable can be mixed with couplers 812 thatare non-flux tunable in a same unit cell or in a same qubit layout.

Also as shown, the unit cell 800 can comprise at least one high crosstalk group 802 and at least part of a low cross talk group 804. Asillustrated, the particular unit cell 800 includes a single high crosstalk group 802 and does not include a full low cross talk group 804.Only part of the low cross talk group 804 is present in the unit cell800, as can be seen at FIG. 9 . While the cross talk groups areillustrated as comprising particular qubit islands of qubits (i.e.,within the dotted lines), the dotted lines can be redrawn to encompassthe full qubits having the qubit islands encompassed by the depicteddotted lines.

Each high cross talk group 802 can comprise a pair of high frequencyqubits 808, a low-low frequency qubit 810 and a low-medium frequencyqubit 809.

Particular orientation of qubits 808, 809, 810 within a unit cell 800can be to allow for shortest lengths of couplers 812 between qubitislands within the unit cell 800 and to connect by couplers 812 to qubitislands of other unit cells 800 of a larger qubit layout (e.g., qubitlayout 900).

As illustrated at small section 850, a pair of unit cells 800-A and800-B can be connected, such as by a pair of couplers 812-A (e.g.,different than a single coupler as in small sections 450 and 650). Afull low cross talk group 804 can be formed by the unit cells 800-A and800-B together.

Turning now to FIG. 9 , a square lattice qubit layout 900 isillustrated, different from the hex/heavy hex lattices of the qubitlayouts 500 and 700.

As shown, high cross talk groups 802 and low cross talk groups 804 areincluded. Each high cross talk group 802 can comprise at least one qubitbeing common with another high cross talk group 802. As shown, centralhigh cross talk groups 802-C of the lattice (e.g., where the high crosstalk group is fully bounded by other qubits of the qubit layout) canhave each qubit thereof shared in common with one other high cross talkgroup. That is, five different high cross talk groups 802 can overlapvia the central high cross talk group 802-C. Indeed, operation of thelattice can involve greater complexity as compared to the heavy hexlattices discussed herein.

Depending on location of the high frequency qubits 808 in the squarelattice, one or both islands of a high frequency qubit 808 can have twocouplers 812 connected thereto.

Like the qubit layouts 500 and 700, the square lattice qubit layout 900comprises rows of alternated high and low frequency qubits, such asalternated high frequency qubits 808 and low-low frequency qubits 810,or such as alternated high frequency qubits 808 and low-medium frequencyqubits 809.

Note that the orientational arrangement (e.g., physical rotation on asubstrate relative to one another) of qubits relative to one another isillustrated in a particular construction to reduce coupling distance ofthe couplers between islands, and to beneficially arrange islands moreadjacent to one another for coupling. However, different rotations ofdifferent qubits can be used relative to one another, such as withlonger couplings therebetween.

Likewise note that each of the unit cells 800 comprised by the qubitlayout 900 can have a same orientation relative to one another. In thisway, the unit cells 800 can be connected together in series in aplurality of adjacent rows. Thus, different rows of the qubit layout 900can comprise a same repeated order of the different, interconnectedcross talk groups 802, 804. Thus, also, different rows can comprisequbit islands of the alternated high and low frequency qubits 808, 809,810 connected in a same connection order at different rows. One row canbe physically shifted along a row relative to one another.

Individual unit cells 800 of adjacent rows are coupled to one another bysingle couplers 812. A unit cell 800 can thus be coupled to two otherunit cells of two adjacent rows (e.g., bounding the row having the unitcell 800) by two different single couplers 812 (not particularly shown).

An advantage of a device employing the arrangement 900 can be minimizedinclusion of high cross talk groups within a multi-qubit arrangement.Further in view of the multi-qubit arrangement including a plurality ofnearest-neighbor qubits, cross talk can generally be minimized betweenthe plurality of qubits, and thus stray inadvertent couplings betweenqubits or between couplers and non-intended qubits can be limited. Thisarrangement thus can allow for greater interaction strengths betweenqubits to be employed.

By employing the arrangement 900 as defined herein, minimization of highcross talk groups can be facilitated, where it can be desirable forouter qubits of a cross talk configuration to have higher resonantfrequency, which than can be inadvertently shifted less. These reducedinadvertent shifts can lead to a lower probability of an undesirablecollision between resonant frequencies. Further, by employing one ormore of the flux tunable couplers coupling the qubits of the pluralityof qubits to one another, an advantage can be ability to dynamicallytune one or more resonant frequencies of one or more of the qubits.

Next, FIG. 10 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limitingmethod 1000 that can facilitate a process to reduce cross talk betweenqubits of a multi-qubit quantum logic circuit, such as the quantum logiccircuit 108 of FIG. 1 . While the non-limiting method 1000 is describedrelative to the qubit layout 300 of FIG. 3 , the non-limiting method1100 can be applicable also to other systems and/or devices describedherein, such as the qubit layouts illustrated at FIGS. 5, 7 and/or 9 .Repetitive description of like elements and/or processes employed inrespective embodiments is omitted for sake of brevity.

At 1004, the non-limiting method 1000 can comprise fabricating, by asystem (e.g., system 350) operatively coupled to a processor (e.g.,processor 354), a qubit layout by arranging a plurality of repeated andconnected unit cells, wherein the unit cells comprise individual sets ofqubits.

At 1006, the non-limiting method 1000 can comprise fabricating, by thesystem (e.g., system 350), the unit cells comprising different crosstalk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together bycouplers in different orders, wherein the different cross talk groupsare repeated among the unit cells of the qubit layout.

At 1008, the non-limiting method 1000 can comprise connecting, by thesystem (e.g., system 350), qubit islands together in a first order by aplurality of couplers to fabricate, by the system (e.g., system 350),the first cross talk groups, and connecting, by the system (e.g., system350), qubit islands together in a second order by a plurality ofcouplers to fabricate, by the system (e.g., system 350), the secondcross talk groups.

At 1010, the non-limiting method 1000 can comprise fabricating, by thesystem (e.g., system 350), the qubit layout to comprise an equal orlesser quantity of the first cross talk groups than a quantity of thesecond cross talk groups, wherein the first cross talk groups areoperable with greater cross talk than the second cross talk groups.

At 1012, the non-limiting method 1000 can comprise including, by thesystem (e.g., system 350), first qubits and second qubits in the qubitlayout, wherein the first qubits have resonant frequencies higher thanresonant frequencies of the second qubits, and including, by the system(e.g., system 350), a greater number of first qubits than second qubitsin the qubit layout.

At 1014, the non-limiting method 1000 can comprise connecting in series,by the system (e.g., system 350), two first qubits with a second qubitconnected between the two first qubits to define the different crosstalk groups.

At 1016, the non-limiting method 1000 can comprise separatelyconnecting, by the system (e.g., system 350), a first island of thesecond qubit to the two first qubits, or separately connecting, by thesystem (e.g., system 350), different islands of the second qubit todifferent ones of the first qubits.

At 1018, the non-limiting method 1000 can comprise arranging in aplurality of rows, by the system (e.g., system 350), the repeated andconnected unit cells.

At 1020, the non-limiting method 1000 further can comprise connecting,by the system (e.g., system 350), unit cells of adjacent rows to oneanother by single couplers.

Next, FIG. 11 illustrates a flow diagram of another example,non-limiting method 1100 that can facilitate a process to fabricate aqubit layout to reduce cross talk between qubits of a multi-qubitquantum logic circuit, such as the quantum logic circuit 108 of FIG. 1 .While the non-limiting method 1100 is described relative to the qubitlayout 300 of FIG. 3 , the non-limiting method 1100 can be applicablealso to other systems and/or devices described herein, such as the qubitlayouts illustrated at FIGS. 5, 7 and/or 9 . Repetitive description oflike elements and/or processes employed in respective embodiments isomitted for sake of brevity.

At 1104, the non-limiting method 1100 can comprise arranging, by asystem (e.g., system 350) operatively coupled to a processor (e.g.,processor 354), a plurality of qubits in a tiling arrangement bycoupling together the plurality of qubits by a plurality of couplers.

At 1106, the non-limiting method 1100 can comprise coupling together, bythe system (e.g., system 350), sets of qubits, to form different crosstalk groups having different levels of cross talk.

At 1108, the non-limiting method 1100 can comprise coupling together, bythe system (e.g., system 350), the plurality of qubits such as toarrange first cross talk groups and second cross talk groups, whereinthe first cross talk groups operate with greater cross talk than thesecond cross talk groups.

At 1110, the non-limiting method 1100 can comprise coupling together, bythe system (e.g., system 350), the plurality of qubits such that aquantity of the first cross talk groups is equal to or lesser than aquantity of the second cross talk groups.

At 1112, the non-limiting method 1100 can comprise coupling, by thesystem (e.g., system 350), two first qubits, of the set of first qubits,in series with a second qubit, of the set of second qubits, coupledbetween the two first qubits to define the different cross talk groups.That is, the plurality of qubits can comprise a set of first qubits anda set of second qubits, and wherein the second qubits have resonantfrequencies lower than resonant frequencies of the first qubits.

At 1114, the non-limiting method 1100 can comprise coupling, by thesystem (e.g., system 350), two first qubits, of the set of first qubits,in series with a second qubit, of the set of second qubits, coupledbetween the two first qubits to define the different cross talk groups.

At 1116, the non-limiting method 1100 can comprise separately coupling,by the system (e.g., system 350), a first island of the second qubit tothe two first qubits, or separately coupling different islands of thesecond qubit to the two first qubits.

At 1118, the non-limiting method 1100 can comprise arranging, by thesystem (e.g., system 350), the plurality of qubits in rows of alternatedfirst and second qubits.

At 1120, the non-limiting method 1100 further can comprise coupling, bythe system (e.g., system 350), the alternated first and second qubits toone another in series by the couplers; and coupling the rows to oneanother by coupling a first qubit between one second qubit, from one rowof the rows, and another second qubit, from another row of the rows thatis adjacent to the one row.

For simplicity of explanation, the computer-implemented andnon-computer-implemented methodologies provided herein are depictedand/or described as a series of acts. The subject innovation is notlimited by the acts illustrated and/or by the order of acts, for exampleacts can occur in one or more orders and/or concurrently, and with otheracts not presented and described herein. Furthermore, not allillustrated acts can be utilized to implement the computer-implementedand non-computer-implemented methodologies in accordance with thedescribed subject matter. In addition, the computer-implemented andnon-computer-implemented methodologies could alternatively berepresented as a series of interrelated states via a state diagram orevents. Additionally, the computer-implemented methodologies describedhereinafter and throughout this specification are capable of beingstored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting andtransferring the computer-implemented methodologies to computers. Theterm article of manufacture, as used herein, is intended to encompass acomputer program accessible from any computer-readable device or storagemedia.

In summary, one or more systems, devices and/or methods of use providedherein relate to a device that can facilitate reduction of inter-qubitcross talk and/or allow for increased interaction strengths betweenqubits as compared to existing technologies. A device can comprise aqubit lattice comprising a plurality of repeated and connected unitcells, and the unit cells comprising individual sets of qubits, whereinthe unit cells comprise different cross talk groups of qubits havingqubit islands connected together by couplers in different orders, andwherein the different cross talk groups are repeated among the unitcells of the qubit lattice. A device can comprise a qubit latticecomprising a plurality of different, interconnected cross talk groups ofqubits, wherein the different cross talk groups are repeated within thequbit lattice.

Referring now to each of FIGS. 3 to 9 , in addition to FIGS. 1 and 2 ,an advantage of the one or more aforementioned device, system and/ormethod can be minimized inclusion of high cross talk groups within amulti-qubit arrangement. Further in view of the multi-qubit arrangementincluding a plurality of nearest-neighbor qubits, cross talk cangenerally be minimized between the plurality of qubits, and thus strayinadvertent couplings between qubits or between couplers andnon-intended qubits can be limited. This arrangement thus can allow forgreater interaction strengths between qubits to be employed.

By employing a device, system and/or method as defined herein,minimization of high cross talk groups can be facilitated, where it canbe desirable for outer qubits of a cross talk configuration to havehigher resonant frequency, which than can be inadvertently shifted less.These reduced inadvertent shifts can lead to a lower probability of anundesirable collision between resonant frequencies. Further, byemploying one or more of the flux tunable couplers coupling the qubitsof the plurality of qubits to one another, an advantage can be abilityto dynamically tune one or more resonant frequencies of one or more ofthe qubits.

Further, additional software control of the multi-qubit layoutsdescribed herein can be limited or omitted. For example, software thatcan remedy spectator errors by providing specially crafted pulses can beomitted because the spectator errors area already minimized in hardware.This can simplify device tune up.

Indeed, in view of the one or more embodiments described herein, apractical application of the devices described herein can be ability tosimultaneously raise interaction strengths that are finite-limited inexisting technologies. This can be achieved by minimizing andcontrolling a number of configurations of high cross talk qubit groupsare employed in qubit logic circuit. This is a useful and practicalapplication of computers, especially in view of limiting undesirableshifting of qubit frequencies and/or undesirable nearest neighbor straycouplings, and thus facilitating enhanced (e.g., improved and/oroptimized) operation of the employed qubits. These enhancements caninclude increased accuracy of quantum results and/or increasedavailability of the employed qubits. Overall, such computerized toolscan constitute a concrete and tangible technical improvement in thefield of quantum computing.

Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein can be employed ina real-world system based on the disclosed teachings. For example, oneor more embodiments described herein can function within a quantumsystem, e.g., to facilitate an enhanced quantum logic circuit layout,that can receive as input a quantum job request and can measure areal-world qubit state of one or more qubits, such as superconductingqubits, of the quantum system.

Moreover, a device and/or method described herein can be implemented inone or more domains, such as quantum domains, to enable scaled quantumprogram executions. Indeed, use of a device as described herein can bescalable, such as where a device described herein can be employed inquantity with a single quantum system or at multiple quantum systems. Asa result, increased scaling of qubits provided in a cryogenic chambercan be enabled with less concern for stray couplings or unintendedfrequency shiftings.

The systems and/or devices have been (and/or will be further) describedherein with respect to interaction between one or more components. Suchsystems and/or components can include those components or sub-componentsspecified therein, one or more of the specified components and/orsub-components, and/or additional components. Sub-components can beimplemented as components communicatively coupled to other componentsrather than included within parent components. One or more componentsand/or sub-components can be combined into a single component providingaggregate functionality. The components can interact with one or moreother components not specifically described herein for the sake ofbrevity, but known by those of skill in the art.

One or more embodiments described herein can be, in one or moreembodiments, inherently and/or inextricably tied to computer technologyand cannot be implemented outside of a computing environment. Forexample, one or more processes performed by one or more embodimentsdescribed herein can more efficiently, and even more feasibly,facilitate program and/or program instruction execution, such asrelative to control cross talk between a plurality of qubits, ascompared to existing systems and/or techniques. Systems,computer-implemented methods and/or computer program productsfacilitating performance of these processes are of great utility in thefield of quantum computing and superconducting quantum systems andcannot be equally practicably implemented in a sensible way outside of acomputing environment.

One or more embodiments described herein can employ hardware and/orsoftware to solve problems that are highly technical, that are notabstract, and that cannot be performed as a set of mental acts by ahuman. For example, a human, or even thousands of humans, cannotefficiently, accurately and/or effectively limit qubit cross talk as theone or more embodiments described herein can facilitate this process.And, neither can the human mind nor a human with pen and paper limitqubit cross talk, as conducted by one or more embodiments describedherein.

In one or more embodiments, one or more of the processes describedherein can be performed by one or more specialized computers (e.g., aspecialized processing unit, a specialized classical computer, aspecialized quantum computer, a specialized hybrid classical/quantumsystem and/or another type of specialized computer) to execute definedtasks related to the one or more technologies describe above. One ormore embodiments described herein and/or components thereof can beemployed to solve new problems that arise through advancements intechnologies mentioned above, employment of quantum computing systems,cloud computing systems, computer architecture and/or anothertechnology.

One or more embodiments described herein can be fully operationaltowards performing one or more other functions (e.g., fully powered on,fully executed and/or another function) while also performing the one ormore operations described herein.

Turning next to FIGS. 12-14 , a detailed description is provided ofadditional context for the one or more embodiments described herein atFIGS. 1-11 .

FIG. 12 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief,general description of a suitable operating environment 800 in which oneor more embodiments described herein at FIGS. 1-11 can be implemented.For example, one or more components and/or other aspects of embodimentsdescribed herein can be implemented in or be associated with, such asaccessible via, the operating environment 1200. Further, while one ormore embodiments have been described above in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions that can run on one or more computers,those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more embodimentsalso can be implemented in combination with other program modules and/oras a combination of hardware and software.

Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, datastructures and/or the like, that perform particular tasks and/orimplement particular abstract data types. Moreover, the inventivemethods can be practiced with other computer system configurations,including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems,minicomputers, mainframe computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices,distributed computing systems, as well as personal computers, hand-heldcomputing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumerelectronics, and/or the like, which can be operatively coupled to one ormore associated devices.

Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which caninclude computer-readable storage media, machine-readable storage mediaand/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differentlyfrom one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media ormachine-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,but not limitation, computer-readable storage media and/ormachine-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with anymethod or technology for storage of information such ascomputer-readable and/or machine-readable instructions, program modules,structured data and/or unstructured data.

Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not limited to,random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electricallyerasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or othermemory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD ROM), digitalversatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc (BD) and/or other optical diskstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage and/orother magnetic storage devices, solid state drives or other solid statestorage devices and/or other tangible and/or non-transitory media whichcan be used to store specified information. In this regard, the terms“tangible” or “non-transitory” herein as applied to storage, memoryand/or computer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude onlypropagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquishrights to all standard storage, memory and/or computer-readable mediathat are not only propagating transitory signals per se.

Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local orremote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries and/orother data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respectto the information stored by the medium.

Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructureddata in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrierwave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information deliveryor transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refersto a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set and/orchanged in such a manner as to encode information in one or moresignals. By way of example, but not limitation, communication media caninclude wired media, such as a wired network, direct-wired connectionand/or wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and/or otherwireless media.

With reference again to FIG. 12 , the example operating environment 1200for implementing one or more embodiments of the aspects described hereincan include a computer 1202, the computer 1202 including a processingunit 1206, a system memory 1204 and/or a system bus 1208. One or moreaspects of the processing unit 1206 can be applied to processors such as106 of the non-limiting system 100. The processing unit 1206 can beimplemented in combination with and/or alternatively to processors suchas 106.

Memory 1204 can store one or more computer and/or machine readable,writable and/or executable components and/or instructions that, whenexecuted by processing unit 1206 (e.g., a classical processor, a quantumprocessor and/or like processor), can facilitate performance ofoperations defined by the executable component(s) and/or instruction(s).For example, memory 1204 can store computer and/or machine readable,writable and/or executable components and/or instructions that, whenexecuted by processing unit 1206, can facilitate execution of the one ormore functions described herein relating to non-limiting system 100, asdescribed herein with or without reference to the one or more figures ofthe one or more embodiments.

Memory 1204 can comprise volatile memory (e.g., random access memory(RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or the like) and/ornon-volatile memory (e.g., read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM(PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasableprogrammable ROM (EEPROM) and/or the like) that can employ one or morememory architectures.

Processing unit 1206 can comprise one or more types of processors and/orelectronic circuitry (e.g., a classical processor, a quantum processorand/or like processor) that can implement one or more computer and/ormachine readable, writable and/or executable components and/orinstructions that can be stored at memory 1204. For example, processingunit 1206 can perform one or more operations that can be specified bycomputer and/or machine readable, writable and/or executable componentsand/or instructions including, but not limited to, logic, control,input/output (I/O), arithmetic and/or the like. In one or moreembodiments, processing unit 1206 can be any of one or more commerciallyavailable processors. In one or more embodiments, processing unit 1206can comprise one or more central processing unit, multi-core processor,microprocessor, dual microprocessors, microcontroller, System on a Chip(SOC), array processor, vector processor, quantum processor and/oranother type of processor. The examples of processing unit 1206 can beemployed to implement one or more embodiments described herein.

The system bus 1208 can couple system components including, but notlimited to, the system memory 1204 to the processing unit 1206. Thesystem bus 1208 can comprise one or more types of bus structure that canfurther interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memorycontroller), a peripheral bus and/or a local bus using one or more of avariety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory1204 can include ROM 1210 and/or RAM 1212. A basic input/output system(BIOS) can be stored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasableprogrammable read only memory (EPROM) and/or EEPROM, which BIOS containsthe basic routines that help to transfer information among elementswithin the computer 1202, such as during startup. The RAM 1212 caninclude a high-speed RAM, such as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 1202 can include an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 1214(e.g., EIDE, SATA), one or more external storage devices 1216 (e.g., amagnetic floppy disk drive (FDD), a memory stick or flash drive reader,a memory card reader and/or the like) and/or a drive 1220, e.g., such asa solid state drive or an optical disk drive, which can read or writefrom a disk 1222, such as a CD-ROM disc, a DVD, a BD and/or the like.Additionally, and/or alternatively, where a solid state drive isinvolved, disk 1222 could not be included, unless separate. While theinternal HDD 1214 is illustrated as located within the computer 1202,the internal HDD 1214 can also be configured for external use in asuitable chassis (not shown). Additionally, while not shown in operatingenvironment 1200, a solid state drive (SSD) can be used in addition to,or in place of, an HDD 1214. The HDD 1214, external storage device(s)1216 and drive 1220 can be coupled to the system bus 1208 by an HDDinterface 1224, an external storage interface 1226 and a drive interface1228, respectively. The HDD interface 1224 for external driveimplementations can include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus(USB) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies arewithin contemplation of the embodiments described herein.

The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 1202, the drives andstorage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digitalformat. Although the description of computer-readable storage mediaabove refers to respective types of storage devices, other types ofstorage media which are readable by a computer, whether presentlyexisting or developed in the future, can also be used in the exampleoperating environment, and/or that any such storage media can containcomputer-executable instructions for performing the methods describedherein.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1212,including an operating system 1230, one or more applications 1232, otherprogram modules 1234 and/or program data 1236. All or portions of theoperating system, applications, modules and/or data can also be cachedin the RAM 1212. The systems and/or methods described herein can beimplemented utilizing one or more commercially available operatingsystems and/or combinations of operating systems.

Computer 1202 can optionally comprise emulation technologies. Forexample, a hypervisor (not shown) or other intermediary can emulate ahardware environment for operating system 1230, and the emulatedhardware can optionally be different from the hardware illustrated inFIG. 12 . In a related embodiment, operating system 1230 can compriseone virtual machine (VM) of multiple VMs hosted at computer 1202.Furthermore, operating system 1230 can provide runtime environments,such as the JAVA runtime environment or the .NET framework, forapplications 1232. Runtime environments are consistent executionenvironments that can allow applications 1232 to run on any operatingsystem that includes the runtime environment. Similarly, operatingsystem 1230 can support containers, and applications 1232 can be in theform of containers, which are lightweight, standalone, executablepackages of software that include, e.g., code, runtime, system tools,system libraries and/or settings for an application.

Further, computer 1202 can be enabled with a security module, such as atrusted processing module (TPM). For instance, with a TPM, bootcomponents hash next in time boot components and wait for a match ofresults to secured values before loading a next boot component. Thisprocess can take place at any layer in the code execution stack ofcomputer 1202, e.g., applied at application execution level and/or atoperating system (OS) kernel level, thereby enabling security at anylevel of code execution.

An entity can enter and/or transmit commands and/or information into thecomputer 1202 through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., akeyboard 1238, a touch screen 1240 and/or a pointing device, such as amouse 1242. Other input devices (not shown) can include a microphone, aninfrared (IR) remote control, a radio frequency (RF) remote controland/or other remote control, a joystick, a virtual reality controllerand/or virtual reality headset, a game pad, a stylus pen, an image inputdevice, e.g., camera(s), a gesture sensor input device, a visionmovement sensor input device, an emotion or facial detection device, abiometric input device, e.g., fingerprint and/or iris scanner, and/orthe like. These and other input devices can be coupled to the processingunit 1206 through an input device interface 1244 that can be coupled tothe system bus 1208, but can be coupled by other interfaces, such as aparallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IRinterface, a BLUETOOTH® interface and/or the like.

A monitor 1246 or other type of display device can be alternativelyand/or additionally coupled to the system bus 1208 via an interface,such as a video adapter 1248. In addition to the monitor 1246, acomputer typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown),such as speakers, printers and/or the like.

The computer 1202 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 1250. The remotecomputer(s) 1250 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentappliance, a peer device and/or other common network node, and typicallyincludes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer1202, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device1252 is illustrated. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the computer1202 can be coupled (e.g., communicatively, electrically, operatively,optically and/or the like) to one or more external systems, sourcesand/or devices (e.g., classical and/or quantum computing devices,communication devices and/or like device) via a data cable (e.g.,High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), recommended standard (RS)232, Ethernet cable and/or the like).

In one or more embodiments, a network can comprise one or more wiredand/or wireless networks, including, but not limited to, a cellularnetwork, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), or a local areanetwork (LAN). For example, one or more embodiments described herein cancommunicate with one or more external systems, sources and/or devices,for instance, computing devices (and vice versa) using virtually anyspecified wired or wireless technology, including but not limited to:wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), global system for mobile communications(GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), worldwideinteroperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhanced general packetradio service (enhanced GPRS), third generation partnership project(3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), third generation partnership project 2(3GPP2) ultra mobile broadband (UMB), high speed packet access (HSPA),Zigbee and other 802.XX wireless technologies and/or legacytelecommunication technologies, BLUETOOTH®, Session Initiation Protocol(SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, 6LoWPAN (IPv6over Low power Wireless Area Networks), Z-Wave, an ANT, anultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocol and/or other proprietary and/ornon-proprietary communication protocols. In a related example, one ormore embodiments described herein can include hardware (e.g., a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a transceiver, a decoder, quantum hardware, aquantum processor and/or the like), software (e.g., a set of threads, aset of processes, software in execution, quantum pulse schedule, quantumcircuit, quantum gates and/or the like) and/or a combination of hardwareand/or software that facilitates communicating information among one ormore embodiments described herein and external systems, sources and/ordevices (e.g., computing devices, communication devices and/or thelike).

The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity toa local area network (LAN) 1254 and/or larger networks, e.g., a widearea network (WAN) 1256. LAN and WAN networking environments can becommonplace in offices and companies and can facilitate enterprise-widecomputer networks, such as intranets, all of which can connect to aglobal communications network, e.g., the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1202 can becoupled to the local network 1254 through a wired and/or wirelesscommunication network interface or adapter 1258. The adapter 1258 canfacilitate wired and/or wireless communication to the LAN 1254, whichcan also include a wireless access point (AP) disposed thereon forcommunicating with the adapter 1258 in a wireless mode.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1202 can includea modem 1260 and/or can be coupled to a communications server on the WAN1256 via other means for establishing communications over the WAN 1256,such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1260, which can be internaland/or external and a wired and/or wireless device, can be coupled tothe system bus 1208 via the input device interface 1244. In a networkedenvironment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 1202 orportions thereof can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 1252.The network connections shown are merely exemplary and one or more othermeans of establishing a communications link among the computers can beused.

When used in either a LAN or WAN networking environment, the computer1202 can access cloud storage systems or other network-based storagesystems in addition to, and/or in place of, external storage devices1216 as described above, such as but not limited to, a network virtualmachine providing one or more aspects of storage and/or processing ofinformation. Generally, a connection between the computer 1202 and acloud storage system can be established over a LAN 1254 or WAN 1256e.g., by the adapter 1258 or modem 1260, respectively. Upon coupling thecomputer 1202 to an associated cloud storage system, the externalstorage interface 1226 can, such as with the aid of the adapter 1258and/or modem 1260, manage storage provided by the cloud storage systemas it would other types of external storage. For instance, the externalstorage interface 1226 can be configured to provide access to cloudstorage sources as if those sources were physically coupled to thecomputer 1202.

The computer 1202 can be operable to communicate with any wirelessdevices and/or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication,e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portabledata assistant, communications satellite, telephone and/or any piece ofequipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g.,a kiosk, news stand, store shelf and/or the like). This can includeWireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus,the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventionalnetwork or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.

The illustrated embodiments described herein can be employed relative todistributed computing environments (e.g., cloud computing environments),such as described below with respect to FIG. 13 , where certain tasksare performed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. In a distributed computing environment, programmodules can be located both in local and/or remote memory storagedevices.

For example, one or more embodiments described herein and/or one or morecomponents thereof can employ one or more computing resources of thecloud computing environment 1350 described below with reference to FIG.13 , and/or with reference to the one or more functional abstractionlayers (e.g., quantum software and/or the like) described below withreference to FIG. 14 , to execute one or more operations in accordancewith one or more embodiments described herein. For example, cloudcomputing environment 1250 and/or one or more of the functionalabstraction layers 1460, 1470, 1480 and/or 1490 can comprise one or moreclassical computing devices (e.g., classical computer, classicalprocessor, virtual machine, server and/or the like), quantum hardwareand/or quantum software (e.g., quantum computing device, quantumcomputer, quantum processor, quantum circuit simulation software,superconducting circuit and/or the like) that can be employed by one ormore embodiments described herein and/or components thereof to executeone or more operations in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein. For instance, one or more embodiments described hereinand/or components thereof can employ such one or more classical and/orquantum computing resources to execute one or more classical and/orquantum: mathematical function, calculation and/or equation; computingand/or processing script; algorithm; model (e.g., artificialintelligence (AI) model, machine learning (ML) model and/or like model);and/or other operation in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein.

It is to be understood that although one or more embodiments describedherein include a detailed description on cloud computing, implementationof the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computingenvironment. Rather, one or more embodiments described herein arecapable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type ofcomputing environment now known or later developed.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines and/or services) thatcan be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effortor interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model caninclude at least five characteristics, at least three service models,and at least four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded automatically without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but can specify location at a higher level ofabstraction (e.g., country, state and/or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in one or more cases automatically, to quickly scale outand rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, thecapabilities available for provisioning can appear to be unlimited andcan be purchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at one or more levelsof abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth and/or active user accounts). Resource usage canbe monitored, controlled and/or reported, providing transparency forboth provider and consumer of the service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure.The applications are accessible from various client devices through athin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail).The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloudinfrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storageand/or individual application capabilities, with the possible exceptionof limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supported bythe provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systemsand/or storage, but has control over the deployed applications andpossibly application hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is to provision processing, storage, networks and/or otherfundamental computing resources where the consumer can deploy and runarbitrary software, which can include operating systems andapplications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications and/or possibly limited control of selectnetworking components (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It can be managed by the organization or a third party andcan exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy and/or complianceconsiderations). It can be managed by the organizations or a third partyand can exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or moreclouds (private, community or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology thatenables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting forload-balancing among clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity and/or semanticinteroperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructurethat includes a network of interconnected nodes.

Moreover, the non-limiting system 100 and/or the example operatingenvironment 1200 can be associated with and/or be included in a dataanalytics system, a data processing system, a graph analytics system, agraph processing system, a big data system, a social network system, aspeech recognition system, an image recognition system, a graphicalmodeling system, a bioinformatics system, a data compression system, anartificial intelligence system, an authentication system, a syntacticpattern recognition system, a medical system, a health monitoringsystem, a network system, a computer network system, a communicationsystem, a router system, a server system, a high availability serversystem (e.g., a Telecom server system), a Web server system, a fileserver system, a data server system, a disk array system, a poweredinsertion board system, a cloud-based system and/or the like. Inaccordance therewith, non-limiting system 100 and/or example operatingenvironment 1200 can be employed to use hardware and/or software tosolve problems that are highly technical in nature, that are notabstract and/or that cannot be performed as a set of mental acts by ahuman.

Referring now to details of one or more aspects illustrated at FIG. 13 ,the illustrative cloud computing environment 1350 is depicted. As shown,cloud computing environment 1350 includes one or more cloud computingnodes 1310 with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers,such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellulartelephone 1354A, desktop computer 1354B, laptop computer 1354C and/orautomobile computer system 1354N can communicate. Although notillustrated in FIG. 13 , cloud computing nodes 1310 can further comprisea quantum platform (e.g., quantum computer, quantum hardware, quantumsoftware and/or the like) with which local computing devices used bycloud consumers can communicate. Cloud computing nodes 1310 cancommunicate with one another. They can be grouped (not shown) physicallyor virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community,Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combinationthereof. This allows cloud computing environment 1350 to offerinfrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloudconsumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computingdevice. It is understood that the types of computing devices 1354A-Nshown in FIG. 13 are intended to be illustrative only and that cloudcomputing nodes 1310 and cloud computing environment 1350 cancommunicate with any type of computerized device over any type ofnetwork and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a webbrowser).

Referring now to details of one or more aspects illustrated at FIG. 14 ,a set 1400 of functional abstraction layers is shown, such as providedby cloud computing environment 1350 (FIG. 13 ). One or more embodimentsdescribed herein can be associated with, such as accessible via, one ormore functional abstraction layers described below with reference toFIG. 14 (e.g., hardware and software layer 1460, virtualization layer1470, management layer 1480 and/or workloads layer 1490). It should beunderstood in advance that the components, layers and/or functions shownin FIG. 14 are intended to be illustrative only and embodimentsdescribed herein are not limited thereto. As depicted, the followinglayers and/or corresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 1460 can include hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 1461;RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture-based servers 1462;servers 1463; blade servers 1464; storage devices 1465; and/or networksand/or networking components 1466. In one or more embodiments, softwarecomponents can include network application server software 1467, quantumplatform routing software 1468; and/or quantum software (not illustratedin FIG. 14 ).

Virtualization layer 1470 can provide an abstraction layer from whichthe following examples of virtual entities can be provided: virtualservers 1471; virtual storage 1472; virtual networks 1473, includingvirtual private networks; virtual applications and/or operating systems1474; and/or virtual clients 1475.

In one example, management layer 1480 can provide the functionsdescribed below. Resource provisioning 1481 can provide dynamicprocurement of computing resources and other resources that can beutilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment.Metering and Pricing 1482 can provide cost tracking as resources areutilized within the cloud computing environment, and/or billing and/orinvoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, theseresources can include one or more application software licenses.Security can provide identity verification for cloud consumers and/ortasks, as well as protection for data and/or other resources. User (orentity) portal 1483 can provide access to the cloud computingenvironment for consumers and system administrators. Service levelmanagement 1484 can provide cloud computing resource allocation and/ormanagement such that required service levels are met. Service LevelAgreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 1485 can providepre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources forwhich a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 1490 can provide examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment can be utilized. Non-limiting examples ofworkloads and functions which can be provided from this layer include:mapping and navigation 1491; software development and lifecyclemanagement 1492; virtual classroom education delivery 1493; dataanalytics processing 1494; transaction processing 1495; and/orapplication transformation software 1496.

The embodiments described herein can be directed to one or more of asystem, a method, an apparatus and/or a computer program product at anypossible technical detail level of integration. The computer programproduct can include a computer readable storage medium (or media) havingcomputer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processorto carry out aspects of the one or more embodiments described herein.The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asuperconducting storage device and/or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium can also include the following: aportable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon and/or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves and/or otherfreely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic wavespropagating through a waveguide and/or other transmission media (e.g.,light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), and/or electricalsignals transmitted through a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium and/or to an external computer or externalstorage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local areanetwork, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network cancomprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers,wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computersand/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device. Computer readable programinstructions for carrying out operations of the one or more embodimentsdescribed herein can be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, and/orsource code and/or object code written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and/or procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language and/or similarprogramming languages. The computer readable program instructions canexecute entirely on a computer, partly on a computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on a computer and/or partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer and/or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer can be coupled to a computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) and/or a wide areanetwork (WAN), and/or the connection can be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In one or more embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA)and/or programmable logic arrays (PLA) can execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the one or more embodiments describedherein.

Aspects of the one or more embodiments described herein are describedwith reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams ofmethods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according toone or more embodiments described herein. It will be understood thateach block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, andcombinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or blockdiagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.These computer readable program instructions can be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer and/orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, can create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionscan also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein can comprisean article of manufacture including instructions which can implementaspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. The computer readable program instructions canalso be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processingapparatus and/or other device to cause a series of operational acts tobe performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus and/or otherdevice to produce a computer implemented process, such that theinstructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatusand/or other device implement the functions/acts specified in theflowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality and/or operation of possible implementationsof systems, computer-implementable methods and/or computer programproducts according to one or more embodiments described herein. In thisregard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams can represent amodule, segment and/or portion of instructions, which comprises one ormore executable instructions for implementing the specified logicalfunction(s). In one or more alternative implementations, the functionsnoted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the Figures. Forexample, two blocks shown in succession can be executed substantiallyconcurrently, and/or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration,and/or combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that can perform the specified functions and/or acts and/orcarry out one or more combinations of special purpose hardware and/orcomputer instructions.

While the subject matter has been described above in the general contextof computer-executable instructions of a computer program product thatruns on a computer and/or computers, those skilled in the art willrecognize that the one or more embodiments herein also can beimplemented in combination with one or more other program modules.Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, datastructures and/or the like that perform particular tasks and/orimplement particular abstract data types. Moreover, the inventivecomputer-implemented methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, including single-processor and/or multiprocessorcomputer systems, mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as wellas computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., PDA, phone),microprocessor-based or programmable consumer and/or industrialelectronics and/or the like. The illustrated aspects can also bepracticed in distributed computing environments in which tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. However, one or more, if not all aspects of theone or more embodiments described herein can be practiced on stand-alonecomputers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules canbe located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

As used in this application, the terms “component,” “system,”“platform,” “interface,” and/or the like, can refer to and/or caninclude a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operationalmachine with one or more specific functionalities. The entitiesdescribed herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware andsoftware, software, or software in execution. For example, a componentcan be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, aprocessor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a programand/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application runningon a server and the server can be a component. One or more componentscan reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a componentcan be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or morecomputers. In another example, respective components can execute fromvarious computer readable media having various data structures storedthereon. The components can communicate via local and/or remoteprocesses such as in accordance with a signal having one or more datapackets (e.g., data from one component interacting with anothercomponent in a local system, distributed system and/or across a networksuch as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As anotherexample, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionalityprovided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electroniccircuitry, which is operated by a software and/or firmware applicationexecuted by a processor. In such a case, the processor can be internaland/or external to the apparatus and can execute at least a part of thesoftware and/or firmware application. As yet another example, acomponent can be an apparatus that provides specific functionalitythrough electronic components without mechanical parts, where theelectronic components can include a processor and/or other means toexecute software and/or firmware that confers at least in part thefunctionality of the electronic components. In an aspect, a componentcan emulate an electronic component via a virtual machine, e.g., withina cloud computing system.

In addition, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” ratherthan an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clearfrom context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the naturalinclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or Xemploys both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any ofthe foregoing instances. Moreover, articles “a” and “an” as used in thesubject specification and annexed drawings should generally be construedto mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from contextto be directed to a singular form. As used herein, the terms “example”and/or “exemplary” are utilized to mean serving as an example, instance,or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matterdescribed herein is not limited by such examples. In addition, anyaspect or design described herein as an “example” and/or “exemplary” isnot necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otheraspects or designs, nor is it meant to preclude equivalent exemplarystructures and techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

As it is employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” canrefer to substantially any computing processing unit and/or devicecomprising, but not limited to, single-core processors;single-processors with software multithread execution capability;multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithreadexecution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithreadtechnology; parallel platforms; and/or parallel platforms withdistributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to anintegrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), adigital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA),a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logicdevice (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, and/or any combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described herein. Further, processors can exploit nano-scalearchitectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dotbased transistors, switches and/or gates, in order to optimize spaceusage and/or to enhance performance of related equipment. A processorcan be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

Herein, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “data store,” data storage,”“database,” and substantially any other information storage componentrelevant to operation and functionality of a component are utilized torefer to “memory components,” entities embodied in a “memory,” orcomponents comprising a memory. Memory and/or memory componentsdescribed herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory orcan include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way ofillustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include readonly memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmableROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory and/ornonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM).Volatile memory can include RAM, which can act as external cache memory,for example. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM can beavailable in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM(DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM),enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct Rambus RAM(DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM) and/or Rambus dynamic RAM(RDRAM). Additionally, the described memory components of systems and/orcomputer-implemented methods herein are intended to include, withoutbeing limited to including, these and/or any other suitable types ofmemory.

What has been described above includes mere examples of systems andcomputer-implemented methods. It is, of course, not possible to describeevery conceivable combination of components and/or computer-implementedmethods for purposes of describing the one or more embodiments, but oneof ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many furthercombinations and/or permutations of the one or more embodiments arepossible. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes,” “has,”“possesses,” and the like are used in the detailed description, claims,appendices and/or drawings such terms are intended to be inclusive in amanner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpretedwhen employed as a transitional word in a claim.

The descriptions of the one or more embodiments have been presented forpurposes of illustration but are not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the embodiments described herein. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the describedembodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain theprinciples of the embodiments, the practical application and/ortechnical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, and/orto enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand theembodiments described herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: a qubit layout comprising aplurality of repeated and connected unit cells, and the unit cellscomprising individual sets of qubits; and the unit cells comprisingdifferent cross talk groups of qubits having qubit islands connectedtogether by couplers in different orders, wherein the different crosstalk groups are repeated among the unit cells of the qubit layout. 2.The device of claim 1, comprising: the unit cells comprising first crosstalk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together in a firstorder by a plurality of couplers; and the unit cells comprising secondcross talk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together in asecond order by another plurality of couplers, wherein the first crosstalk groups are operable with greater cross talk than the second crosstalk groups.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein a quantity of the firstcross talk groups are equal to or lesser than a quantity of the secondcross talk groups in the qubit layout.
 4. The device of claim 1, whereinthe unit cells comprise first qubits and second qubits of the sets ofqubits, and wherein the first qubits have resonant frequencies higherthan resonant frequencies of the second qubits.
 5. The device of claim4, wherein the different cross talk groups individually comprise twofirst qubits connected in series with a second qubit connected betweenthe two first qubits.
 6. The device of claim 5, wherein, of thedifferent cross talk groups of the unit cells, different groups of thetwo first qubits and second qubit comprise: a first island of the secondqubit connected separately to the two first qubits; or different islandsof the second qubit connected separately to different ones of the firstqubits.
 7. The device of claim 4, wherein the qubit layout comprises: agreater number of first qubits than second qubits.
 8. The device ofclaim 4, wherein the qubit layout comprises: rows of alternated firstqubits and second qubits connected to one another in series by thecouplers, wherein adjacent rows are coupled to one another by one ormore connector first qubits of the first qubits.
 9. The device of claim1, wherein the qubit layout comprises: a plurality of rows of therepeated and connected unit cells, wherein unit cells of adjacent rowsare connected to one another by single couplers.
 10. A method,comprising: fabricating, by a system operatively coupled to a processor,a qubit layout by arranging a plurality of repeated and connected unitcells, wherein the unit cells comprise individual sets of qubits; andfabricating, by the system, the unit cells comprising different crosstalk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together bycouplers in different orders, wherein the different cross talk groupsare repeated among the unit cells of the qubit layout.
 11. The method ofclaim 10, further comprising: connecting, by the system, qubit islandstogether in a first order by a plurality of couplers to fabricate, bythe system, the first cross talk groups; connecting, by the system,qubit islands together in a second order by a plurality of couplers tofabricate, by the system, the second cross talk groups; and fabricating,by the system, the qubit layout to comprise an equal or lesser quantityof the first cross talk groups than a quantity of the second cross talkgroups, wherein the first cross talk groups are operable with greatercross talk than the second cross talk groups.
 12. The method of claim10, wherein the fabricating the unit cells further comprises including,by the system, first qubits and second qubits in the qubit layout,wherein the first qubits have resonant frequencies higher than resonantfrequencies of the second qubits, and wherein the fabricating the qubitlayout further comprises including, by the system, a greater number offirst qubits than second qubits in the qubit layout.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the fabricating the unit cells further comprises:connecting in series, by the system, two first qubits with a secondqubit connected between the two first qubits to define the differentcross talk groups.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the fabricatingthe unit cells further comprises: separately connecting, by the system,a first island of the second qubit to the two first qubits; orseparately connecting, by the system, different islands of the secondqubit to different ones of the first qubits.
 15. The method of claim 10,wherein the fabricating the qubit layout further comprises: arranging ina plurality of rows, by the system, the repeated and connected unitcells; and connecting, by the system, unit cells of adjacent rows to oneanother by single couplers.
 16. A system, comprising: a quantumprocessor; and a qubit circuit coupled to the quantum processor, whereinthe qubit circuit comprises: a qubit layout comprising a plurality ofrepeated and connected unit cells, and the unit cells comprisingindividual sets of qubits; the unit cells comprising different crosstalk groups of qubits having qubit islands connected together bycouplers in different orders, wherein the different cross talk groupsare repeated among the unit cells of the qubit layout.
 17. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the qubit layout comprises: a plurality of rows of therepeated and connected unit cells, wherein unit cells of adjacent rowsare connected to one another by single couplers.
 18. The system of claim16, wherein the qubit layout is in the form of a heavy hex lattice or asquare lattice.
 19. A device, comprising: a qubit layout comprising aplurality of different, interconnected cross talk groups of qubits;wherein the different cross talk groups are repeated within the qubitlayout.
 20. The device of claim 19, wherein different rows of the qubitlayout comprise a same repeated order of the different, interconnectedcross talk groups.
 21. The device of claim 19, wherein the differentcross talk groups comprise first cross talk groups and second cross talkgroups, wherein the first cross talk groups have a different cross talkrange than the second cross talk groups, wherein the first cross talkgroups comprise a same first connection order of qubit islands, andwherein the second cross talk groups comprise a same second connectionorder of qubit islands.
 22. The device of claim 21, wherein pairs ofcross talk groups, of the different cross talk groups, overlap bycomprising one or more same qubits as one another, wherein the pair ofcross talk groups have the same connection order of qubit islands.
 23. Adevice, comprising: a qubit lattice comprising rows that comprisealternated first qubits and second qubits connected in series, whereinthe first qubits have a higher common resonant frequency range than acommon resonant frequency range of the second qubits, and wherein therows comprise qubit islands of the first and second qubits connected ina same connection order at different rows of the qubit lattice.
 24. Thedevice of claim 23, wherein the qubit lattice comprises: a greaternumber of first qubits than second qubits.
 25. The device of claim 23,wherein the same connection order defines a same order of interconnectedcross talk groups at different rows of the qubit lattice.